Architectural Dissidence

CELLTEXTS [Ines & Eyal Weizman, 2008] is an archive of texts, love letters, philosophical statements, letters to mothers, songs, treatises, political manifestos, and novels… written from incarcerated dissidents all around the world. The library uses the writer’s time spent in prison (1 day to 45 years) to organise an amalgam of published knowledge. This makes the cell be read as a space enhancing mental freedom:

 

< […] The cells are thus revealed as sites of intellectual production, marking the limit condition of writing. The collection is assembled in recognition that spatial confinement and isolation may induce a process of creative, imaginative, sometimes spiritual, cultural production. The individual’s impulse to survive through texts, through reclaiming her own voice against the imposition of others, creates an autarkic realm in which practices of dissidence, political and personal, could be reinstated. Commissioned and designed by and for the state, prison cells acquire a potential subversive content, becoming critical spatial apparatuses. Paradoxically, imprisonment emerges as an active practice of citizenship a mechanism of political opposition that call for a confrontation or intolerance with certain forms of government.

[…]

For many prisoners, the prison could offer a period of reflection, scholarship and education as well as a resonating chamber for political dissent. Regis Debray described the Prison as “the dissident’s second university”. Antonio Gramsci was forced to write in code to bypass the constraints of the prison and its censorship. Ezra Pound learns from the Chinese Encyclopedia which he smuggled into his Pisan cage. For Antonio Negri it was the routines of the prison that represented the principal form of punishment in a capitalist society. Auguste Blanqui formulated in the middle of the 19th century, a detailed guide for the armed uprising of the revolutionary multitudes which included sketches and street maps with exact details of barricades. Many writers are fascinated with insects and animals coming into their prison cells. […] >

[Excerpt from Ines & Eyal Weizman’s statement. Read full text]

 

In the same line, Architecture and the Paradox of Dissidence Symposium [London, 15-17 Nov 2012] will examine new forms of critical spatial practice within political regimes.

15 O_occupy Madrid

watch more videos of 15O_Madrid

[1> 15 October protests_Occupy Madrid by Urbano 2011] [2> Media covering 15 O protests in Rome by Mauro Magnani]

5 plastic women

Men among a protesting crowd carry five female mannequins. They are the most visible women representation among the protesters. Because even during the Arab Spring protests extended to Sulaymaniyah, in Iraqi Kurdistan, public space is also segregated by gender. Citizens mainly complained against government corruption and lack of public services, such as electricity supply to homes. With her action in February 2011, Rozghar Mahmood Mustafa invited her female compatriots to openly join the area reserved for male protesters. The fact of simply standing behind the delimited area, where women are supposed to be protected by a cordon of ropes tied up to street lamps, only kills their desire of protesting more actively.  Plastic Women is part of the screening and discussion Northern Iraq_State of Unrest curated by Jason Waite at no.w.here, also featuring the work of Hiwa K and Reben Majeed. Waite looks at the various aesthetic strategies employed during the protests in the north of Iraq, how they obscure the distinction between art and activism, as well as form a critical position within the space of dissent. 

< Less than a week after President Mubarak of Egypt fell from power, the shockwaves of the Arab Spring swept across the levant and fomented what would become a tumultuous 60 days of continuous protest in Iraq. While endless news cycles were devoted to the uprisings in Egypt, Syria and Libya, those facing the security forces in the mainly Kurdish region in the north of Iraq were largely invisible. Mainly self-organized, these protests included a diversity of individuals that cut across social and religious divisions. Among those in the street were a number of artists contributing both body and voice as citizens and artistic practice to the heterogeneous movement. >

[Images> Plastic Women, 2011 by Rozghar Mahmood Mustafa, courtesy of Jason Waite.]

new york indignados

Global is the power of economy, and so are spreading the protests against its tyranny. The Funambulist posted today about the protest camp settled in Downtown Manhattan. In the same line with the protests of the 15-M movement of Spanish indignados, a new micro-society has recently begun at New York’s Zucotti Park. Being a private plot handed over to public use makes it easier to camp on, when compared to the troublesome evictions experienced in Madrid’s Puerta del Sol by the authorities (as long as the owner of the plot do not change his mind). Lambert denounces the incredible general silence of the media towards this grassroots movement that is growing bigger and bigger.

Like in Madrid, Occupy Wall Street protest camp has also renamed its site to Liberty Square, and its structure and usage of public space as a popular parliament reminds me to the Spanish ones: assemblies, commissions, support, actions… Current representative democracy can no longer be accepted as the least bad option for political systems. Global citizens seem to feel less and less identified with official leaders and they are claiming for more participation in politics and a change that is quite unexpected to come from within the establishment.

The Funambulist links to a very recommendable article by Gaston Gordillo [CriticalLegalThinking], featuring the resonance expansion of contemporary protests against corrupted systems of governance. As Gordillo refers to, The Revolution Will Not be Televised [Gill-Scott Heron, 1970s].

[all images> Occupy Wall Street via The Funambulist]

 

Travellers

Dale Farm is a territory of contradiction, where a legal border divides a community. Two adjoining sites, 30-min-train away from London, used to be scrapyards that were turned into living quarters. The first estate was self-established as a nomad settlement for Irish Travellers and Gypsy and Roma families some sixty years ago (45 plots). The other one is an extension that dates back to 2000 and is composed of 52 plots. The former is authorised, but the latter is not. These ethnic minorities purchased both sites and legally own them. Prefab-houses and caravans are scattered along the lanes. However, after many applications, the most recent one still lacks any building permission, whereas the neighbouring one was built in a formal way in past decades.

Consequently, conservative-run Basildon District Council decided to carry out the demolition of the second settlement, the largest eviction in UK history, with a total cost of £18 million for the clearance and without providing any other site for the resident families. Today, the Court should have decided the final fate for the settlement. Activists had already started a protest camp inside (“Camp Constant”), and built several barricades across the inner lanes of this community together with the residents by applying the wittiest military resistance tactics. But the verdict has been postponed till Monday, so dwellers are returning some of the caravans that were brought to the legal site in case of eviction back to the illegal one.

Irish Travellers minority used to share with gypsies a nomad lifestyle. Today what remains is still their seasonal working schedule. Activists have referred to the eviction as “ethnic cleansing”. But personally, I do not think it is a matter of cultural identities, but aporophobia and fear to the unstable. The contemporary spatial habits of Irish Travellers are just a direct result of social exclusion. Their cultural identity is very much influenced by the fact of being “out of established society”. That’s what joins them and makes them configure a strongly tied community. Unfortunately, it is the society that they cannot belong to what eventually gives meaning to their identity.

Dale Farm is located in the middle of the countryside, about 10 km away from the nearest village. One can only wonder why it is so important for authorities to evict the settlers living in that remote site lacking building permission.

Why did the Council even provide the needy families on-site with tax benefits if their dwellings were not legal?

If their mere existence makes villagers feel so uncomfortable, why not directly promote the eviction of both sites?

Why has their application for allowance to build on the site they legally own been constantly denied?

Authorities argument that the illegal site lies on a green belt land, but at the same time, there used to be a scrapyard in the same area only 10 years ago.

The only way for us to reach Dale Farm from the nearby railway station was by taxi. And maybe the only explanation to these questions, as absurd as coherent, was revealed to us in a conversation with the extremely prejudiced driver, who took us to the nearest crossroads to the site from the station (he refused to drop us off at the very entrance):

You will understand it when you grow older.

 

 

 

[1-8>Dale Farm Protests by deconcrete2011][9> Dale Farm_aerial view via bbc]

NO projection above the pope

…When protests throw a light and escape control…

A project by Santiago Sierra and Julius von Bismarck (+ Fulgurator) as part of the NO, Global Tour during the Pope’s visit to Madrid, August 2011.

thanks, anastasia!

cars on fire

After two intense weeks of cars being set on fire at night in the streets of Berlin, yesterday was calm again. Since January 2011 more than 530 cars have burnt, but the pyromaniac series has been going on for 4 years now. And there is still no clue for the actual reasons behind the incendiary crimes: youngster vandalism, cheating insurance companies or straight discontent among Berlin citizens.

Only two perpetrators have been arrested so far. However, if we take a look at the areas where they have taken place (see Brennende-Autos map above), a dozen are only to be found in the East Banlieu (Marzahn) and some dozens in the well-off neighbourhoods on the West periphery (Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf). Whereas in the central districts inside the inner ring, are to be count in hundreds. The more gentrified these neighbourhoods have become; the more social protests have broken out in the past 5 years. Collision in public space usually has a political background. Graffiti against Mieterhöhung (Rent increase) and Yuppies (specially from wealthy Southwest Germany) are to be found on many façades. Former working/ethnic districts Kreuzberg, Friedrichshain, Prenzlauerberg and Neukölln have experienced an unprecedented rise in rents, which has forced locals to leave their affordable dwellings and move out somewhere far away.

Gentrification is still a double-edged weapon. Contingents of Turkish people among others were invited to immigrate and raise a city in ruins in past decades, but their city seems not to need them anymore. Obviously for Chancellor Merkel, multicultural society has utterly failed (Multi-Kulti hat ausgedient”). But there is rage against the machinery.

[1> Cars on Fire in Berlin 2007-2010 via Brennende-Autos] [2> by Enrico Vogler] [3-5>Cars on Fire in Berlin via der Taggespiegel Berlin] [6> by Steffen Tzscheuschner via elpais]

collision in public space, a chronology

When appropriation of public space happens, it happens at two levels. Protesters reclaim a physical site, but at the same time they appropriate a symbol of political identity. The outbreak of rioting or violence always shows civil unrest amongst certain groups of population. London has a long history experiencing them, dating back to the Peasants’ Revolt (1381), the Gin Riots (1743) or Bloody Sunday (1887). As featured yesterday in socks-studio & il post, here is a visual chronology of London’s history throughout its rioting in public space since 1915: communist marches, clashes between leftist and extreme right, disadvantaged neighbourhoods, racially motivated protests, against cuts or increased government taxes; anarchists, environmentalists, anti-globalization, anti-capitalist…

 

*1915: Destruction of a German shop by Londoners, Poplar High St.

 

*1936: Brit bobbies destroy a communist-built barricade near Mark Lane, opening the street to Oswald Mosley fascist supporters. Communist parade in the East End.

 

*September 1958: Racial turmoils, Notting Hill.

 

*March 1968: Pacific demonstration against war in Vietnam, Grosvenor Sq. (US Embassy).

 

*November 1970: Bobbies free Houghton Street from barricades built by London School of Economics students. They protested against traffic noise.

 

*September 1976: Notting Hill blacks vs. white turmoil.

 

*August 1979: Bobbies during racial turmoil in Notting Hill

 

*April 1981: Brixton turmoil.

*October 1985: Tottenham clashes arrests

 

*March 1990: Trafalgar Square’s protests against Poll Tax introduced by Margaret Thatcher.

 

*April 1993: Anti-nazi protests in front of BNP’s headquarter in Welling, South-East.

 

*April 1997: Environmental and anti-globalisation protests in front of Downing Street.

 

*November 1999: Aftermath of a parade against privatization of the railway system and against WTO, Euston Station.

 

*April 2009: Police hit by an egg during an anarchist, anti-capitalist and environmentalist protest the day before the G20 in London.

 

*November 2010: Students turmoils against increase in education taxes, London center.

 

*March 2011: Bobbies in front of a barricade in Jermyn St. after a parade against Governmental cuts.

 

 

this square is not the Pope’s

The emblematic Central Madrid has turned into a vibrating site of proactive politics again.

2 August 2011, a few minutes before sunrise. It was the second day in the national holiday period for the masses and the city was almost empty. Everyone wants to scape the scorching summer temperatures, but some 15M “indignant” protesters remained still camped. They had marched from all over the country to bring their voice to the capital city. After 2,5 months of pacifist protests since the movement began, riot policemen decided to take action. They evicted the grass-roots information booth and the few tents from the protest camp with premeditation and nocturnality.

This Governmental shift has boosted the general outrage of a movement that was getting ready to hibernate for the summer; it has resurged now instead of September. For the past three days, policemen were told to block Plaza del Sol, emblematic public space for the demonstrators, and where the 15 May movement for real democracy was born. If the whole public square was turned into a massive protest camp since May, now it is an over-controlled empty void, a sort of Bastille-fortress. The same policemen that used to prevent anyone from camping outside the square are now preventing anyone from entering. No civil person has been allowed in the square: the absurdity of controlling a political symbol. The subway nodal station has even already been closed down for a total of 24 hours; trains do not stop at Sol.

Counterproductive as it has proved, blocking public space from people to express their ideas has only strengthened them. Even the policemen trade union (SUP) have publicly considered today Sol’s blockade as a political mistake. Madrid Central has turned from a consumption and commerce hub into a space for debate and consensus. Several surrounding squares (not sieged by police forces yet) like Jacinto Benavente, Mayor, Callao, Cibeles, Pontejos, Atocha have been spontaneously taken over to celebrate bottom-up meetings. Critical issues are being discussed, proposed and questioned: financial crisis, citizen participation, politicians’ corruption and abuse of power… The politics of public space are more active than ever and back to the very origins of Greek agoras: open places of assembly. In Valencia, Tenerife or Madrid, squares that have housed these protests are now commonly referred to as the 15M Square. Even main streets like Madrid’s Gran Vía have been turned into people’s parliaments after stopping car traffic at night. There is an urgent need for real debate; power structures need to listen.

Only 10 days left for the Pope’s bombastic visit to Madrid and the global Catholic Youth Encounter (JMJ). They are to be largely funded by the Government of our secular country in one of the worst moments for national economy. Madrid authorities start to take action in order to show global pilgrims that there is no trouble among its citizens, but tension is heavily felt everywhere. During the Papal visit, the same streets that now function as sites for political expression and debate will house hundreds of temporary confession booths, where Catholic pilgrims will be able to confess their sins in every language.

Meanwhile, 15M “indignados” claim that this square is not the Pope’s (“esta plaza, no es del Papa”). Yesterday, riot policemen started to brutally attack for the first time, beating pacific protesters: 20 injured. Today there will be gatherings and demonstrations claiming again for Real Democracy NOW in most Spanish cities around 7 pm.

[images> August protests in Madrid by Carlos Rosillo (Mayor, Preciados, Alcalá & Cibeles), Alberto Martín (Gran Vía), Samuel Sánchez (Preciados, injured & Jacinto Benavente), Kiko Huesca (Parliament), Dani Pozo (Preciados), Emilio Naranjo (Sol), Uly Martín (Sol)]

 

 

 

Stop Evictions flash mobs

Yesterday, and for the 8th time, around 50 activists managed to stop another eviction for loan non-payment since 15-May Spanish protests began. Only in Madrid, 2,532 families were evicted during the first quarter 2011. The victims of the mortgage crisis assume some of the responsibility for having signed a loan over their possibilities, in a context of national encouragement towards home-property as the only way of housing. However, bank institutions largely overvalued real estate, which has led to a paradox. Not only does a household pay off their debt by loosing their home, but due to the current legislation they also owe additional money; real estate is valued now at a much lower price by the same banking institution. Furthermore, over 700,000 new apartments in Spain remain empty after completion, trapped in after-crisis legal limbos.

The Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca (Mortgage Victims Platform) proposes to change this amongst their solutions compiled in form of a manifest. Debt must be settled with foreclosed homes and without any additional fee, like it happens in the US and in other countries of the EU. If a household is unable to make mortgage loan payments, the bank must only repossess the home. This grass-roots association aims to stop evictions, but also urges the Government to take over mortgaged dwellings and turn them into low-rent social housing. This initiative has already proofed successful in the Basque Country. The PAH also proposes the loan market to be audited, as well as limiting loan installments to a maximum 30% of the monthly income. As they state in their manifest, the call to stop evictions comes from the current violation of the UDHR Article 25, the Spanish Constitution Article 47, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Article 11.

Today, more than 50 riot policemen prevented a 9th flash mob from achieving their goal. Moreover, the method to notify evictions has become stricter, according to the current state of affairs. Instead of notifying a certain date and time, from now on they will rather mention a time interval spanning several days or weeks. This measure tries to avoid demonstrators chaining themselves to the entrance door. Activists have reacted by staying overnight at to-be-foreclosed homes at critical nights, and have recently called to squat every evicted dwelling.

Suffocating situation  in Madrid’s turmoil summer, and still two hot events to come: the national protest march for True Democracy is arriving 23rd July to the capital, demonstrators coming from all over the country; and the Pope’s mega-visit in August with a disproportionate cost of 50 million euros. Suffocating.

[image> Stop Evictions Flash Mob, Madrid 19/07/2011 via elpais]

Protest

One topic, two points of view:

Protest by Rachel Engler and Deconcrete at The Bi Blog

[image> Milk Farmers Protests by Axel Schmidt via caminootoñal]

The Purple Shall Govern

During Anti-Apartheid riots in Cape Town, South Africa 1989, water mixed with colour dye was shot at the protesters; from then on, the Purple Rain would be associated with a whole strategy to fight urban rioters. This weapon initiated a new form of psychological and geolocational repression. Jet Pulse Water Cannon Systems have an additional tank of paint that is mixed with water when the shooter presses the injection button. Not only does it make demonstrators retreat, but it also “tags” protesters with humiliation and ridicule as a form of punishment. Almost like returning back to feudal times, opponents to such political regimes have to pay their complaints with a deep sense of guilt. Furthermore, Government authorities can control their movements more easily, identify and arrest, once they leave the demonstration area and try to camouflage in the surrounding areas. Their bodies are automatically turned into public display of their thoughts.

Most cases where colour was sprayed are complex political realities, where the people is clearly divided between those in power and those under power. Obviously, it is important for to the ruling class to stop the riots. However, when colour is used, the balance of power has become so critical to the remain of the Government, that it is even more relevant for them to track disobedience and prevent the menace of a general uprising.

protests palette:

Protests against homophobic laws in Kampala_Uganda May 2011_Marc Hofer

Protests against George W Bush’s visit to Seoul_August 2008_Chung Sung-Jun

Indian police against Kashmiri_Srinagar June 2008_Tauseef Mustafa

Israel police against Palestinians in Bilin_March 2011_Issam Rimawi

Protests in Dhaka_Bangladesh April 2011_Shuvo Das

Protests commemoration anti-Soviet Uprising in Budapest_October 2006_Joe Klamar

Protests in Ramallah_August 2006_Nasser Shiyoukhi

[all images via TIME Light Box]

Pyongyang in the shadow

The irony of Pyongyang_A Journey in North Korea already starts with the title of this graphic novel, based on author Guy Delisle’s stay in Pyongyang. Working as a cartoonist supervisor for a French animation company outsourcing their most tedious drawing tasks to North Korean labour, he describes his routine and discoveries in this public diary. But rather than travelling from one place to another, Delisle is literally taken from one spot to the next one, experiencing the everyday struggle against hyper-controlled environments. What he sees is what he is allowed to see. But the most striking views result in those that the 1984-like Estate takes for granted, does not try to hide or even cannot prevent him from experiencing. There is no way as a foreigner to prove whether there are citizens starving or being tortured, but the spatial condition of the city is the interface where propaganda is unwillingly shown; extreme scarcity in power supply, the vast emptiness of the surroundings or even absurd volunteering labour speak for themselves. His snapshots of daily reality gather more than enough trace evidence to guess the perverse political ambitions behind the scenes.

[all images by Guy Delisle in Pyongyang: A Journey in North Korea. Drawn & Quarterly, 2007]

________

________

________

 

Spanish revolution camp

Today is the fifth day at what some have started to call the 15M_Sun Republic. In Madrid’s very central Plaza del Sol, demonstrators for a true democracy are camped out. They express general disgust and weariness with the current crisis that has led to 21% of unemployment and extremely precarious jobs. Never before had Spanish democracy (since dictator Franco’s death in 1975) experienced such a grass-roots movement, without being affiliated to any political party and coming from different ideologies. The general miserable condition is what has joined the people together and facebook and twitter have simply done the rest. Hundreds of thousands have gone out to the street in Madrid, but also in Barcelona, Granada, Seville, Valencia, almost every Spanish city and even some demonstrations at Spanish embassies and consulates in several foreign cities, such as Berlin, London, Dublin, Montpellier, Mexico…

But not only is it about being outraged at the decadent economic situation. Another reason for such a pacific fury is the very long list of politicians charged with corruption – to be found in every party’s list – that repeat as candidates for the regional elections on Sunday 22nd May. The first protest camp was banned two days ago, which made a second edition reemerge with even more energy and popular support. Yesterday, the Electoral Board banned the camp again, since it would not respect the official last day without propaganda before the election. The spokesmen of the movement have accepted the decision from an official position. However, they assume that citizens will probably express their discontent on the street anyway after this governmental counterproductive decision. The civic movement does not consider their protest as propaganda for a certain party, but quite on the contrary, they rather question the whole established system.

The Plaza itself has been turned into an incredibly well-organised political expression site, almost like an informal revolutionary parliament. At Madrid’s Acampadasol, eleven commissions have been set up; six of which have a fix spot in the plaza as shown in the map below: Action, Communication, Food, Legal Support, Infrastructure/Logistics and Information. The other five move their location according to the circumstances: Cleaning, Internal Coordination, Media, University and Neighbourhoods. The epicentre is based around the sculpture of King Carlos III (aka. “the best mayor of Madrid”) with fabrics and plastics hanging from his horse legs and tied up to the nearby lampposts for rain and sun shelter. Protesters sleep on cardboard surfaces and blankets have been brought by spontaneous supporters. Mobile chemical toilets have been donated by a private company and neighbours bring extra food to the crowd. Every piece of wall serves for public expression: large advertising scaffoldings wrapping emblematic buildings have been appropriated as a display platform for complaints, dreams and wishes. Meanwhile, assemblies, talks and discussions are continuously held among the assistants to think of collaborative proposals for the future.

The people no more believes in any of their politicians.

democracia real ya

toma la calle

toma la plaza

spanish revolution

acampada bcn

[1>Spanish Revolution Camp via elpais][2>Diagram of Madrid's protest camp by Heber Longás via elpais][3>protesters at dawn via elpais][4>collective expression by Andrés Jaque][5>Madrid's Puerta del Sol protests by BroccoLee][6>Madrid's Puerta del Sol protests by Pablo Talamanca][7>collective expression via ][8>Barcelona Protest Camp by albertmartnez]

 

interrupted dreams

What if local farmers decide that their own home is more valuable than the expansion of a whole airport?

What if they refuse to accept millionaire compensations for their expropriated piece of land?

Then, their deep attachment to the ground makes investors develop in another direction. This phenomenon, known as stubborn-nail houses, depicts the right of a person to stay in his place; speculation may offer sums of money (as a way of politically correct bribery), but the last decision relies most of the times on the owner. Due to the frequent and intense protests of farmers trying to be evicted from their land, Narita airport planners in Tokyo could not but extend the landing runways to the opposite direction.

Narita opened in 1978, but it was not until last October that the second runway became operational in its full length. The red strips on the picture above show the interrupted dreams of the developers. The third runway is still not fully working, since farmers resist in the middle of it; no solution has been found yet for another way of expanding.  [source> Japantimes]

As Human Wu points out in his Tales of Nail Houses, featured in last issue of Monu Magazine, this and other cases demonstrated the tension between powers and the dramatic difference in the understanding of values of urbanism.

[1&2>interrupted landing runway at Narita Airport via virtualfunzones] [3> stubborn-nail farms at Narita Airport via googlemaps]

the golden calf

Depending on the order in which information is displayed, one could think that the recently raised 33rd largest statue of the world in the Polish town of Swiebodzin, could actually be a series about how it is being toppled. Or the other way around, as if the collapse of Sadam’s statue is shown like its erection.

Although Europe should walk more radically towards laicism, this new statue of Christ the King does not aim to defy other religions. Ranking the list of largest colossuses in the world after the Statue of Liberty (26th position) and before Rio de Janeiro’s own Christ (46th rank), it is not but a mere tourist attraction to place the town on the map of religious pilgrimage and bizarre leisure destinations.

However, it is astonishing that among the top-20 on the list, only Asian statues are to be found, either representing Buddhas and Avalokitesvaras everywhere in China and Japan, or Soviet-related monuments in Russia.

[image1> inverted series of raising Swiebodzin's statue; original photos via die Zeit] [image2> inverted series of razing Sadam's statue; original photos via Keshertalk] [image3> largest statues in the world via wikipedia]

armament clusters

Germany is progressively disarming, but the world needs more and more weapons. And armament production keeps on going.

According to SIPRI, Germany is the third weapons exporter in the world, after the USA and Russia. Since a few decades, the armament industry main cluster concentrates around the lake Constance (Bodensee), the largest in the country; an idyllic border resort where Switzerland, Germany and Austria meet, surrounded by hundred-year-old forests.

These factories, self denominated as “Security and Defence-engineering related companies”, need to gain Bodensee locals’ approval for their activity next to their dwellings. And so, they employ thousands of locals, pay millions of euro in taxes, support associations and kindergartens, make donations to schools, orchestras or sport events. Armament Industry provide most social budget in the lake surroundings.

As published this week in the printed version of Die Zeit, a priest from Friedrichshafen reluctantly declares: “For us, as Church community, the topic of tanks and missiles is very delicate. The one who criticizes here the armament industry, speaks against himself. It is not only about church tax. It is also about hundreds of members of our community, who nobody wants to aggravate.”

The site started its tradition, when the Earl von Zeppelin produced his Zeppelin in the surroundings. Even if it started as a civil means of transport, it ended contributing to the I WW. At that time, his airship industry employed 3,000 people. Like today, the issue of armament engineering can ambiguously conceived. This region, with the largest amount of patents in Germany per year, improves both the military, but also, the civil aviation systems.

Meanwhile, at the lake Constance, everyone seems to have a clean conscience and high life standards.

[source&image> Die Zeit 04/11/2010]